MECHANICAL  DRAWING 

IT  JrCx/  JD  JLj  JlLfi  *\M 


MECHANICAL  DRAWING  PROBLEMS 

FOR 

HIGH  SCHOOLS,  NORMAL  SCHOOLS  AND  VOCATIONAL  SCHOOLS 


BY  EDWARD  BERG  AND  EMIL  F.  KRONQUIST 

.'I 

Instructions  in  Mechanical  Drawing 

Washington  High  School 

Milwaukee,  Wis. 


THE  MANUAL  ARTS  PRESS 

PEORIA,  ILLINOIS 


:">,        *.-'  • "«.,-':':'  I 


CiOPYKlGHT.  1918 

&UWAKD  BRRO  AND  EMIL  F.  KRONQTIIST 


EDUCATION 


PREFACE 

The  aim  of  the  authors  is  to  present  to  the  student  and  the  teacher  a  collection  of  progressive 
problems  embodying  the  fundamental  principles  and  examples  of  practical  mechanical  drawing, 
arranged  to  cover  two  years  of  school  work.  The  problems  are  grouped  into  first  semester,  second 
semester,  and  third  and  fourth  semester  work,  and  arranged  with  the  view  in  mind  of  teaching  the 
proper  amount  of  principles  and  application  during  a  given  period  of  time.  With  this  plan  it  is 
felt  that  the  student  who  leaves  school  at  any  time  during  the  first  two  years  or  at  the  end  of 
two  years,  will  have  received  the  proportional  amount  of  mechanical  drawing  which  will  serve  his 
needs  best  in  the  practical  walks  of  life. 

Each  problem  is  given  in  the  form  of  a  specification  sheet  and  a  lay-out  sheet  from  which 
the  student  is  to  make  the  completed  drawing.  The  specification  sheet  gives  a  statement  of  the 
problem  and  is  frequently  supplemented  with  text  matter  which  bears  upon  and  emphasizes  the 
thing  to  be  taught  in  the  problem,  or  gives  some  relative  information.  The  lay-out  sheet  suggests 
the  method  of  procedure,  and  also  furnishes  an  object  lesson  in  the  form  of  carefully  executed 
work  which  is  always  before  the  pupil.  With  this  method,  class  instruction  is  reduced  to  a  mini- 
mum, giving  the  teacher  more  time  for  individual  instruction,  and  the  pupil  the  opportunity  of 
working  things  out  by  himself.  The  proper  use  of  the  specification,  lay-out,  and  reference  sheets 
will  do  much,  it  is  believed,  towards  creating  self-reliance  and  personal  effort  and  exertion  on 
the  part  of  the  student. 

The  required  problems  are  fully  supplemented,  making  the  course  flexible,  and  suitable  for 
many  needs.  The  reference  sheets  are  made  use  of  thruout  the  book,  and  will  be  found  a  valu- 
able feature.  The  extra  plates  may  be  used  to  extend  the  work  over  a  period  of  more  than 
two  years. 

541293 


OUTLINE  OF  COURSE  BY  SEMESTERS. 


FIRST  SEMESTER 


REQUIRED  PROBLEMS 

No.  TITLE  PAGE 

1  Instrumental  Exercise 14 

2  Lettering   18 

3  Geometric  Problems 22 

4  Lap  Joint   26 

5  T-Slot  Base 30 

6  V-Block  ' 32 

7  Bracket   34 

8  Ink- Well  Stand   38 

9  Nail  Box 42 

10  Mortise-and-Tenon  Joint 46 

1 1  Ring 50 

12  Face-Plate   54 

13  Clutch  Thimble 58 

14  Pen  Tray 62 

1 5  Book-Rack 66 


7A 
8A 
9A 

loA 
nA 

I2A 

I3A 
I4A 


SUPPLEMENTARY  PROBLEMS 
TITLE 


PAGE 


Brace 36 

Try-Square 40 

Bench-Hook 44 

Dovetail  Joint   48 

Strap 52 

Valve  Stem    56 

Shaft  Bracket   60 

Pin  Bearing 64 

Footstool                                                   .  £& 


Plates  1,  2,  3,  8,  12,  and  15  are  required  inked  or  traced.     As  many  other  plates  as  the  time  will  permit 
should  be  inked  or  traced.     If  possible,  a  blueprint  should  be  made  from  tracing  of  plate  15. 

The  supplementary  problems  are  intended  for  the  student  that  works  ahead  of  the  class.    They  may  be  sub- 


stituted for  the  corresponding  required  problems  or  be  given  as  additional  problems, 
test  plates. 


They  may  also  be  used  as 


6 


MECHANICAL   DRAWING    PROBLEMS 


SECOND  SEMESTER 
REQUIRED  PROBLEMS  SUPPLEMENTARY  PROBLEMS 

No.       TITLE                PAGE    No.  TITLE  PAGE 

1 6  Lettering 70 

17  Triangular  Prism 74 

18  Hexagonal  Prism 76 

19  Octagonal  Prism   78 

20  Triangular  Pyramid 80 

21  Square  Prism  (inclined) 82 

22  Triangular  Prism  (inclined) 84 

23  Hexagonal  Pyramid  (inclined) 86 

24  H-Block  (revolved)  88 

25  Notched  Block  (inclined  and  revolved)  90 

26  Truncated  Pyramid '.  .  .      92         26A     Truncated  Prism 94 

27  Tool-Post  Slide   96         27A     Hexagonal  Wrench 98 

28  Frame   100         28A     Nut  Bowl 102 

29  Gland 104         29A     Gear  Blank 106 

30  Pipe  Elbow 108         3oA     Chain   no 

31  Babbitt  Bearing 112          31 A     Flanged  Bushing 114 

32  Rocker  Arm 1 16         32A     Bell  Crank  Lever 118 

Plates  16,  27,  28,  29,  30,  31,  and  32  are  required  inked  or  traced.  As  many  other  plates  as  the  time  will 
permit  should  be  inked  or  traced.  If  possible,  a  blueprint  should  be  made  from  tracing  of  plate  32. 

The  supplementary  problems  are  intended  for  the  student  that  works  ahead  of  the  class.  They  may  be  sub- 
stituted for  the  corresponding  required  problems  or  be  given  as  additional  problems.  They  may  also  be  used  as 
test  plates. 


OUTLINE   OF    COURSE    BY    SEMESTERS 


THIRD  AXD  FOURTH  SEMESTERS 


REQUIRED  PROBLEMS 

No.  TITLE  PAGE  Xo. 

33  Truncated  Square  Prism 120  33 A 

34  Truncated  Octagonal  Prism 124  34A 

35  Truncated  Triangular  Prism 128  35A 

36  Truncated  Triangular  Pyramid 132  3/A 

37  Truncated  Square  Pyramid 134  38A 

38  Truncated  Cylinder  138  3QA 

39  Truncated  Cone 142  4oA 

40  Intersecting  Cylinders  (90°) 146  41 A 

41  Cylinder  Intersecting  Cone  (90°)....    150  42A 

42  Ventilator   154  43-^ 

43  Pipe  Elbow  and  Funnel 158  44A 

44  Steering  Column  Support 162  45 A 

45  Cast  Iron  Pulley 166  4&A 

46  Library  Table 170  47  A 

47  Isometric  Drawings 174  48 A 

48  U.  S.  Standard  Thread 178  49A 

49  Automobile  Garage   182 

Plates  42  to  49  inclusive,  shov.ld  be  inked  or  trace:!.  If  possible,  blueprints  should  be  made  from  tracings 
of  plates  45  and  49. 

The  supplementary  problems  are  intended  for  the  student  that  works  ahead  of  the  class.  They  may  be  sub- 
stituted for  the  corresponding  required  problems  or  be  given  as  additional  problems.  They  may  also  be  used  as 
test  plates. 


SUPPLEMENTARY  PROBLEMS 

TITLE  PAGE 

Truncated  Square  Prism 122 

Truncated  Pentagonal  Prism 126 

Truncated  Triangular  Prism 130 

Truncated  Oblique  Pyramid 136 

Sheet-Metal  Hood 140 

Oblique  Cone 144 

Intersecting  Cylinder   (60°) 148 

Cylinder  Intersecting  Cone  (60°)...  152 

Reducing  Tee 156 

15°  Fork  Wrench 160 

Slotted  Segment 164 

Hand  Wheel  168 

Bed 17- 

Isometric  Drawings i/fi 

Machine  Bolts 180 

Architectural  Details 186 


MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 


REFERENCE  SHEETS 


TITLE  PAGE 

Geometric  Problems 188 

How  to  Sharpen  a  Pencil 192 

Inking  Irregular  Curves 193 

Dimensioning   194 

Methods  of  Indicating  Finish 195 

Representation  of  Materials 196 

Conventional  Sections 197 


TITLE  PAGE 

U.  S.  Standard  Bolts  and  Nuts 198 

U.  S.  Standard  Thread 199 

Square  Thread  and  Acme  Thread 200 

Various  Kinds  of  Screws 201 

Cabinet  Drawing  Illustrated 202 

Architectural  Details 203 


EXTRA    PLATES 


TITLE  PAGE 

Structural  Steel  Forms. 204 

Paper  Punch 205 

Metalworking  Vise    206 

Vise  Details   207 

Hammered  Copper  Lamp 208 

Fern  Stand 209 

Costumer    210 

Piano  Bench 211 


TITLE  PAGE 

Library  Table 212 

Library  Table 213 

Turned  Pedestal 214 

Candlesticks    215 

Square   Pedestal  216 

Automobile  Garage   ,   217 

Window  Details 218 

Summer  Cottage 219-223 


PROBLEMS   AND   SPECIFICATIONS 


IO  MECHANICAL  DRAWING  PROBLEMS 

LIST  OF  INSTRUMENTS  AND  MATERIALS. 

1.  Set  of  drawing  instruments,  including  at  least  one  ruling  pen  and  a  compass  with  inter- 
changeable lead  point  and  pen  point. 

2.  Drawing  board. 

3.  T-square. 

4.  45°  and  30° — 60°  triangles. 

5.  Irregular  curve. 

6.  12-inch  architect's  triangular  scale. 

7.  One  6H  and  one  3H  pencil. 

8.  Bottle  of  drawing  ink. 

9.  I  doz.  flat  head  thumb-tacks. 

10.  Penholder,  assorted  writing  pens. 

11.  Pencil  eraser  and  cleaning  rubber. 

12.  Piece  of  soft  cloth  to  keep  ruling  pen  clean,  and  a  few  small  sheets  of  sandpaper  to  keep 
pencil  points  sharp. 

The  drawings  are  made  on  n"x  15"  sheets  of  paper  which  are  cut  from  the  "Imperial"  size 
sheet  which  is  a  standard  size  and  measures  22"  x  30".  They  are  trimmed  to  10"  x  14^"  when 
the  drawing  is  completed.  A  good  grade  of  cream  colored  or  white  paper  is  recommended. 


LAY-OUT  SHEET 


MAIN    TITLED 

SCALE  DATE 


METHOD  OF  LAYING  OUT  BORDER  LINE  AND  CUTTING  LINE 


indicated '. 
lines . 


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\3)  With   &cale    one/  faenc/7  u&ed  as 
indicated    /ocafe  po/nT<s  for  vertical 
lines*. 


W///7  pencil,  'F&guare    and 

verTical  fine  A   from  ~t~he  boT- 
towards   "ffae  "Top . 


METHOD  OF  LAYING  OUT  BORDER  LINE  AND  CUTTING  LINE  (Continued) 


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14  MECHANICAL  DRAWING  PROBLEMS 


Specification — Plate  1. 

Draw  horizontal  and  vertical  lines  with  T-square  and  triangle  to  form  eight  squares  as  shown  in 
the  lay-out  sheet  on  the  opposite  page. 

Draw  diagonals  in  squarer  i,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  and  space  off  half  inches  on  the* diagonals, 

Sq.   i.  Draw  horizontal  and  vertical  lines  through  half  inch  marks. 

Sq.  2.  45°   lines    (to  a  horizontal)  through  half  inch  marks  in  both  directions. 

Sq.  3.          "        30°     "         "    "         "  "         "       "         "       "     " 

Sq.  4.          "        60°     "         "    "         "  "         "       "         "       "     "  " 

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Sq.  6.  75°     " 

Sq.  7.  five  concentric  circles. 

Sq.  8.  three  eccentric  circles  2^2",   1^4"  and  i"  in  diameter. 

Draw  four  lines  used  in  mechanical  drawing ;  visible,  invisible,  projection  and  center  lines. 
Draw  three  arcs  having  9,  8,  and  7  inch  radii. 
Omit  all  dimensions  and  figures. 

1.  What  is  an  angle? 

2.  How   many   degrees    are   there    in   a   circle? 

3.  How  many  degrees  are  there  in  a  right  angle? 

4.  What  is  meant  by  concentric  and  eccentric  circles? 


PLATE  1 


PLATE  1   (Completed) 


l8  MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 


Specification — Plate  2. 

This  plate  is  to  acquaint  the  student  with  the  form  and  method  of  executing  upright  gothic 
capital  letters  and  to  lay  the  foundation  for  the  lettering  on  the  plates  that  are  to  follow. 

The  letters  are  arranged  in  three  groups:  the  first  group  comprising  those  of  vertical  and 
horizontal  strokes;  the  second  group  including'  slant  or  inclined  strokes;  the  third  group  including 
curved  strokes.  A  number  of  words  are  given  with  each  group.  Enough  words  should  be  let- 
tered to  fill  out  the  space.  Shorter  words  such  as  IF,  IT,  TILL,  WE,  AXE,  and  IX,  may  be 
used  or  original  words  may  be  substituted  by  the  student. 

In  laying  out  the  sheet  draw  first  the  horizontal  guide  lines.  The  bow  dividers  may  be  set  to 
the  height  of  the  letters  and  used  to  good  advantage.  Then  draw  the  vertical  guide  lines  for  the 
letters  in  the  groups,  spacing  them  evenly  as  indicated  in  the  lay-out  sheet.  The  letters  in  the  words 
should  be  close  to  each  other  and  the  words  well  separated.  Draw  a  few  vertical  guide  lines,  spac- 
ing them  at  random,  to  help  form  the  letters  in  the  words  and  also  the  figures.  The  direction  of 
each  stroke  should  be  followed  carefully  and  should  always  be  used  in  making  the  letters. 

The  title  should  always  be  symmetrical  with  reference  to  a  vertical  center  line  and  should  be 
located  as  indicated  on  the  lay-out  sheet.  Start  with  the  longest  line  and  letter  backwards.  This 
will  insure  its  being  placed  correctly  and  will  help  in  making  it  symmetrical. 


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I    1_  T  H  F   E      LIFE      LITHE    FILE    LIFT     TILE 


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UJOQCGDPBSR&.     PROBLEMS    QUIT 


UPRIGHT    FREEHAND      GOTHIC      CAPITAL     LETTERS 


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MAIN    TITLE 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME. 


22  MECHANICAL   DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  3. 

With  light  lines  draw  n  squares  as  shown  in  the  plate  on  the  opposite  page.  Each  square 
contains  a  figure  involving  a  geometric  problem,  the  solution  of  which  must  be  understood  before 
the  figure  can  be  drawn.  Study  carefully  the  geometric  problem  referred  to  in  each  case. 

Sq.  I.  Make  the  line  2"  long.    See  page  188,  Prob.  i. 

Sq.  2.  See  page  188,  Prob.  2. 

Sq.  3.  The  vertex  of  the  angle  is  located  as  shown.  The  angle  is  60°.  See  page  188, 
Prob.  3. 

Sq.  4.  The  line  is  2"  long  and  is  to  be  divided  into  5  parts.     See  page  189,  Prob.  4. 

Sq.  5.  See  page  189,  Prob.  5. 

Sq.  6.  Large  arcs,  i"  radius;  small  arcs,  ^"  radius.     See  page  189,  Prob.  6. 

Sq.  7.  The  arcs  have  a  radius  of  ^2".     See  page  190,  Prob.  7. 

Sq.  8.  Large  arc,  W  radius;  small  arcs  }i"  radius.     See  page  190,  Prob.  8. 

Sq.  9.  Diameter  of  circle,  2^".     See  page   190,  Prob.     9. 

Sq.  10.  Diameter  of  circle,  2%".     See  page  191,  Prob.   10. 

Sq.  ii.  See  page  191,  Prob.  n. 

Title:—     GEOMETRIC  PROBLEMS 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 


PLATE  3 


24  MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

WORKING  DRAWINGS. 

A  working  drawing  of  an  object  is  a  group  of  completely  dimensioned  views  of  that  object, 
so  arranged  and  drawn  that  it  will  give  all  the  information  necessary  to  make  the  object. 

A  picture  drawing  of  an  object  is  a  single  view  of  the  object  represented  as  it  appears  to  the 
eye  when  viewed  or  looked  at  from  a  stationary  point.  It  shows  only  those  parts,  surfaces  and 
edges,  that  can  be  seen  from  one  point  and  does  not  show  them  in  their  true  shape,  proportion 
or  relative  size. 

In  a  working  drawing  the  object  is  viewed  from  many  points — as  many  as  are  necessary  to 
show  all  the  edges,  surfaces,  etc.,  in  their  true  shape  and  size.  In  a  picture  drawing  we  have  one 
view  of  the  object,  in  a  working  drawing  we  have  two  or  more  views,  sometimes  five. 

It  will  be  noticed  in  the  working  drawings  on  the  opposite  page  that  the  invisible  or  hidden 
edges  of  an  object  are  shown  as  well  as  the  visible  edges.  They  are  represented  by  means  of 
broken  lines  which  indicate  that  they  are  hidden  from  view  by  some  other  part  of  the  object. 

1.  How  does  a  working  drawing  differ  from  a  picture  drawing  of  an  object? 

2.  How  many  views  should  be  shown  in  a  working  drawing  of  an  object? 

3.  How  are  invisible  or  hidden  edges  of  an  object  indicated  in  a  working  drawing? 


WORKING  DRAWINGS 


PICTURE.  DRAWING 


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WORKING   DRAWING 


PICTURE:  DRAWING 


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WORKIN&     DRAWING 


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PICTURE.  DRAWING 


DRAWING- 


PICTURE:  DRAWINI& 


WORKING     DRAWIN& 


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PICTURE.  DRAWING 


WORKIN&     DRAWIN& 


PICTURE     DRAW'INe 


WORKIN&     DRAWING 


26  MECHANICAL   DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  4. 

Make  a  complete  working  drawing  of  the  Lap-joint  Piece,  showing  the  front,  top  and  right 
side  views.  The  lay-out  sheet  on  the  opposite  page  gives  the  location  of  views  and  shows  the  front 
view  complete.  The  top  and  side  views  are  partially  drawn  and  are  to  be  completed  with  the  aid 
of  the  front  view  and  the  picture  drawing  shown  in  the  upper  right-hand  corner.  Scale  I2"=i'. 

Indicate  all  dimensions  which  are  necessary  and  helpful  to  make  the  piece. 
Title:-         LAP-JOINT  PIECE 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 

In  a  working  drawing  of  an  object  one  of  its  sides  or  surfaces  is  selected  for  the  front  view. 
It  is  drawn  as  it  appears  when  held  squarely  in  front  of  and  on  a  level  with  the  eye.  The  top 
view  is  drawn  as  it  appears  when  the  object  is  viewed  squarely  from  above,  and  is  placed 
directly  above  and  in  line  with  the  front  view.  The  side  view  is  drawn  as  it  appears  when 
the  object  is  viewed  squarely  from  the  side,  and  is  placed  directly  opposite  and  in  line  with  the 
front  view.  When  the  object  is  viewed  from  the  right  side,  the  side  view  is  placed  to  the  right 
of  the  front  view ;  when  it  is  viewed  from  the  left  side,  the  side  view  is  placed  to  the  left  of  the 
front  view. 

1.  Is  the  top  view  placed  directly  above  the  front  view? 

2.  Is  the  side  view  placed  directly  opposite  the  front  view? 

3.  Where  should  the  left  side  view  be  placed  with  reference  to  the  front  view? 


PLATE  4 


*- 1 


*i- 


-ff- 


PENCIL  LAY-OUT  OF  PLATE  4 


PLATE  4   (Completed) 


-2±" 


UOINT    PIE1CE 


SCALE: 


DATE. 


Note.    It  will  be  noticed  that  all  dimensions  are  placed  so  as  to  read  from  the  bottom  edge  or  the  right- 


3O  MECHANICAL   DRAWING    PROBLEMS 


Specification — Plate  5. 

Make  a  complete  working  drawing  of  the  T-slot  base,  showing  the  front  view,  top  view, 
and  right-side  view.  The  lay-out  sheet  gives  the  location  of  views  and  shows  the  side  view 
completed.  The  front  and  top  views  are  to  be  drawn  with  the  aid  of  the  side  view  and  the 
picture  drawing. 

Indicate  all  necessary  dimensions. 

Title:—  T-SLOT   BASE 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 

Any  side  of  an  object,  can  be  used  as  the  front  view.  It  is  customary,  however,  to  place 
the  object  in  its  natural  position  and  to  use  that  side  which  shows  clearly  the  most  detail  for 
the  front  view.  When  the  front  view  has  been  determined  upon,  the  top  and  side  views 
must  be  drawn  in  their  proper  relation  to  it. 

1.  In  making  a  working  drawing  can  any  side  of  an  object  be  used  as  the  front  view? 

2.  In  what  position  is  an  object  generally  Hrawn? 

3.  Which  side  of  an  object  is  preferred  for  the  front  view? 


T 

-H- 

_L 


PLATE  5 


32  MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  6. 

Make  a  complete  working  drawing  of  the  V-block,  showing  the  front  view,  top  view  and 
right-side  view.  The  lay-out  sheet  gives  the  lo.cation  of  views  and  shows  the  front  view  com- 
pletely drawn.  The  top  and  side  views  are  to  be  drawn  with  the  aid  of  the  front  view  and 
the  perspective  sketch. 

Indicate  all  necessary  dimensions. 

Title:—  V-BLOCK 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 

The  number  of  views  in  a  working  drawing  depends  upon  the  shape,  construction  and 
nature  of  the  article  drawn.  A  good  drawing  must  show  enough  views  to  indicate  clearly 
the  shape  and  size  of  the  different  parts,  surfaces  and  edges,  and  their  relation  each  to  the 
other.  This  may  necessitate  three  or  more  views  and  should  have  at  least  two. 

1.  How  many  views  should  be  shown  in  a  working  drawing  of  an  object? 

2.  Why  is  one  view  not  sufficient  in  a  complete  working  drawing? 

3.  What  is  the  weight,  in  cast  iron,  of  the  V-Block?     The  weight  of  cast  iron  is  .26  Ibs.  per  cubic  inch. 


PLATE  6 


34  MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  7. 

With  the  aid  of  the  perspective  sketch,  make  a  complete  working  drawing  of  the  Bracket, 
showing  the  front  view,  top  view  and  right-side  view.  Include  all  necessary  dimensions. 
Scale  12"— i'. 

Title:-  BRACKET 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 

Correct  and  well-placed  dimensions  are  a  very  important  part  of  a  working  drawing. 
They  are  fully  as  important  as  the  lines  which  indicate  the  shape  of  the  object  drawn  and 
should  be  placed  carefully.  The  figures  and  arrow-heads  should  be  well  executed  so  that  they 
may  be  read  easily  and  their  meaning  may  not  be  mistaken. 

1.  Why  are  the  dimensions  on  a  drawing  very  important? 

2.  Is  the  drawing  of  the  Bracket  complete  with  the  front  view  and  side  view? 

3.  Could  all  dimensions  be  shown  in  the  front  view? 


PLATE  7 


-|f\i 


7 


10 


36  MECHANICAL   DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  7A. 

With  the  help  of  the  perspective  sketch,  make  a  complete  working  drawing  of  the  Brace, 
showing  the  front  view,  top  view  and  right-side  view.  _  Indicate  all  necessary  dimensions. 
Scale  12"— i'. 

Title:-  BRACE 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 

NOTES  ON  DIMENSIONING. 

1.  Dimensions  should  read  from  the  bottom  and  the  right  side  of  the  sheet. 

2.  In  general,  dimensions  should  not  be  repeated. 

3.  Figures  in  fractions  should  be  made  large  enough  to  be  read  easily. 


PLATE  7A 


38  MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 


Specification — Plate  8. 

Make  a  complete  working  drawing  of  the  Ink-well  Stand,  showing  the  front  view  and 
top  view,  and  the  right-side  view  "in  section"  or  as  it  would  be  seen  if  part  A  in  the  picture 
drawing  were  removed. 

The  section  lines  should  be  drawn  light,  and  should  indicate  the  kind  of  material  used. 
The  Ink-well  Stand  is  made  of  cast-iron,  wood  or  glass.  See  page  196. 

The  chamfers  are  J4"x  J4".     Scale  12"=!'. 

Title:-         INK-WELL  STAND 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 

When  an  object  has  interior  construction  or  is  of  such  a  shape  that  it  involves  many 
broken  lines  to  show  hidden  parts,  it  is  advantageous  to  show  one  of  the  views  with  part 
of  the  object  removed  or  cut  away  so  that  the  shape  or  construction  may  be  seen  more 
clearly  and  the  dimensions  placed  to  the  best  advantage.  Such  a  view  is  said  to  be  "in  sec- 
tion" or  partly  in  section  and  the  surface  or  surfaces  which  have  been  cut,  or  supposedly 
sawed,  are  covered  with  "section  lines"  representing  the  kind  of  material  used.  See  page  196. 

Section  lines  are  generally  the  last  lines  to  be  drawn  and  should  not  be  put  on  until  all 
dimensions  have  been  placed. 

1.  Why  are  views  of  an  object  or  parts  of  views  shown  in  section? 

2.  What  are  section  lines  and  why  are  they  used? 

3.  Why  is  the  drawing  of  the  Ink- Well  Stand  not  complete  with  the  front  and  top  views  only? 


PLATE  8 


4O  MECHANICAL   DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  8A. 

Make  a  complete  working  drawing  of  the  Try-square,  including  the  front  view,  top 
view,  left-side  view  and  an  isolated  section  of  the  beam.  Scale  i2"=i'. 

The  graduations,  or  division  marks  on  the  blade,  are  to  be  drawn  with  light  lines  and 
are  ft",  #",  ft"  and  /2"  long  respectively.  The  blade  is  -h"  thick. 

Title:—  TRY-SQUARE 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 

Sometimes  it  is  convenient  to  indicate  the  shape  and  dimensions  of  part  of  an  object  by 
an  "isolated  section."  Section  o-o  is  an  isolated  section  taken  on  line  o-o  in  the  working 
drawing  of  the  Try-square  and  is  drawn  to  twice  the  size.  It  is  customary  to  show  only  the 
outline  of  the  actual  surface  cut,  and  the  view  may  be  placed  at  any  convenient  place  on  the 
sheet  of  paper  as  long  as  it  does  not  interfere  with  the  other  views. 

1.  What  is  an  isolated  section? 

2.  Why  is  it  used? 


PLATE  8A 


.1 


OF    TOP     VIE.W. 


Jl. 


42  MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  9. 

Make  a  complete  working  drawing  of  the  Nail  Box,  showing  the  front  view,  top  view 
and  right-side  view.  All  material  is  y&"  thick.  Scale  12"  -=  1'. 

Title :—  NAIL  BOX 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 

The  side  of  an  object  represented  by  one  of  the  views  often  consists  of  many  separate  sur- 
faces or  divided  parts.  Each  of  the  divisions  or  details  should  be  dimensioned  and  the  sum  of 
these  "detail"  dimensions  should  be  equal  to  the  total,  or  "over-all"  dimension  of  that  side  of 
the  object.  Both  the  detail  dimensions  and  the  over-all  dimension  should  always  be  indicated. 

1.  What  is  meant  by  "detail"  dimensions?    By  "over-all"  dimensions? 

2.  Should  the  detail  and  over-all  dimensions  both  be  indicated? 

3.  How  many  board  feet  of  lumber  are  there  in  ih?  .'(ail  box? 


PLATE  9 


44  MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  9A. 

Make  a  complete  working  drawing  of  the  Bench-hook,  showing  the  front  view,  top  view 
and  right-side  view.     Scale  12"=!'. 

Title:-  BENCH-HOOK 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 

1.     How  many  board  feet  of  lumber  are  required  to  make  48  bench-hooks? 


PLATE  9A 


46  MECHANICAL   DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  10. 

Make  an  assembly  drawing  of  the  Mortise-and-Tenon  Joint,  showing  the  front  view  and 
right-side  view.  Scale  12"=!'. 

Title:—     MORTISE-AND-TENON  JOINT 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 

Working  drawings  may  be  divided  into  two  general  classes :  assembly  drawings  and  detail 
drawings.  An  assembly  drawing  is  a  drawing  of  an  object  which  consists  of  several  distinctly 
separate  parts,  represented  as  they  appear  when  put  together,  or  assembled.  A  detail  draw- 
ing is  one  which  represents  each  single  or  separate  part  of  the  object.  The  workmen  who 
cut  the  stones  to  proper  shape  and  size,  work  from  detail  drawings ;  the  builder  who  places 
the  stones  in  their  proper  position  works  from  an  assembly  drawing.  Likewise,  the  machinist 
who  machines  the  fly-wheel  works  from  a  detail  drawing;  the  mechanic  who  puts  the  engine 
together  works  from  an  assembly  drawing. 

1.  What  is  meant  by  an   "assembly  drawing"   of   an   object? 

2.  What  is  meant  by  a  "detail  drawing"  of  an  object? 

3.  Why  is  the  right-side  view  preferred  to  the  left-side  view  in  this  case? 


PLATE  10 


-K 


5" 
5- 


48  MECHANICAL   DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  10A. 

Make  a  complete  working  drawing  of  the  Dovetail  Joint,  showing  the  front  view,  top 
view  and  right-side  view.     Scale  12"=!'. 

Title:-         DOVETAIL  JOINT 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 

1.     Where  have  you  seen  a  joint  of  this  kind  used? 


PLATE  10A 


*>i«0 


50  MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  11. 

Make  a  complete  working  drawing-  of  the  Ring,  showing  the  front  view  and  left-side 
view.  The  upper  half  of  the  side  view  is  to  be  shown  in  section.  Scale  12"=!'. 

Title:-  RING 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 

When  a  view  of  an  object  which  is  symmetrical  about  an  axis  (alike  on  both  sides  of  its 
center  line)  is  to  be  shown  in  section,  it  is  a  good  plan  to  draw  only  one-half  in  section.  The 
view  of  the  object  is  then  said  to  be  "half  in  section."  See  page  197. 

In  making  a  drawing  of  a  cylindrical  or  circular  object  all  center  lines  should  be  drawn 
first.  The  view  showing  the  circular  form  of  the  object  should  then  be  drawn  and  the  other  view 
or  views. projected  from  it.  Centers  for  arcs  should  always  be  located  with  intersecting  lines, 
and  all  circles  and  arcs  should  be  drawn  first  in  inking.  The  character  <£.  is  an  abbreviation 
for  the  term  "center  line." 

1.  When  is  it  a  good  plan  to  show  a  view  of  an  object  "half  in  section"? 

2.  Outline  the  steps  in  drawing-  the  Ring. 

3.  Why  should  arcs  and  circles  be  inked  first? 


PLATE  11 


MECHANICAL   DRAWING    PROBLEMS 


Specification—  Plate  11  A. 
Make  a  complete  working  drawing  of  the  Strap.     Scale   12"=!'. 

Title  :-  STRAP 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 

NOTES  ox   DIMENSIONING. 

1.  A  center  line  should  never  be  used  as  a  dimension  line. 

2.  The  radius  of  an  arc  of  a  circle  should  be  marked  R,  or  RAD. 

3.  In  locating  holes,  always  indicate  the  distance  between  center  lines. 


PLATE  11 A 


54  MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  12. 
Make  a  complete  working  drawing  of  the  Face-plate.     Bore  %".     Scale   12"=!'. 

Title :—  FACE-PLATE 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 

Sharp  inside  corners  make  a  casting  or  a  machine  part  weak,  and  should  always  be  avoided 
if  possible.  These  corners  may  be  strengthened  by  making  them  rounded.  This  rounding  is 
called  a  "fillet."  The  corners  are  said  to  be  "filleted." 

In  a  drawing,  fillets  are  constructed  with  circular  arcs.  The  radius  of  the  arcs  should 
always  be  indicated. 

1.  What  is  a  tangent  of  a  circle?    What  is  meant  by  the  "point  of  tangency"? 

2.  What  is  an  arc?    A  chord?    A  segment? 

3.  Why  are  inside  corners  in  a  casting  "filleted"? 


\Afitfrout  Fillets.  FilleTed 


PLATE  12 


MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 


Specification  —  Plate  12A. 
Make  a  complete  working  drawing  of  the  Valve  Stem.     Scale   12"=!'. 

Title  :-  VALVE  STEM 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 

NOTES  ON  DIMENSIONS. 

1.  Always  give  the  diameter  of  a  circle,  not  the  radius. 

2.  Never  omit  the  size  of  fillets. 

3.  Do  not  forget  center  lines. 


PLATE  12A 


•dJ 


MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 


Specification— Plate  13. 

• 

Make  a  complete  working  drawing  of  the  Clutch  Thimble.     Scale   12"=!'. 
Title:-         CLUTCH  THIMBLE 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 

In  a  drawing  of  a  cylindrical  object  of  many  diameters  and  where  one  of  the  views  con- 
sists of  many  circles,  it  is  not  good  practice  to  place  the  diameter  dimensions  on  the  circles. 
It  is  better  to  put  them  in  the  other  view  where  they  can  be  read  and  interpreted  more 
easily. 

A  dimension  should  never  be  placed  on  a  center  line  and  should  never  be  crowded  into  a 
space  which  is  too  narrow  for  the  figures. 

1.  When   the   drawing   of  an   object   involves   many  circles,  where  should  the  diameter  dimensions  be 
placed  ?  Why  ? 

2.  Why  should  dimensions  not   be   placed  on   center  lines? 

3.  Why  should  a  dimension  never  be  crowded  into  a   narrow   space? 


PLATE  13 


6O  MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 


Specification — Plate  ISA. 
Make  a  complete  working  drawing  of  the  Shaft  Bracket.     Scale  I2"=i'. 

Title:-  SHAFT  BRACKET 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 

1.  Why  is  it  unnecessary  to  draw  three  views  of  the  Shaft  Bracket? 

2.  Why  is  a  drawing  with  the  front  and  top  view  preferred  to  a  drawing  with  the  front  and  side  view  ? 


PLATE  13A 


'-to 


OF    TOP  VIE.W 


62  MECHANICAL   DRAWING    PROBLEMS 


Specification—Plate  14. 

Make  a  complete  working  drawing  of  the  Pen  Tray,  showing  the  front  and  top  view  and 
the  right-side  view  in  section.  Scale  9"=!'. 

Title:-  PEN  TRAY 

SCALE  DATE  • 

NAME 

KEEP  THE  RULING  PEN  CLEAN. 

Drawing  ink  consists  of  a  black  pigment  held  in  solution  with  an  acid.  The  acid  evapo- 
rates quickly  so  that  lines  drawn  with  the  ink  will  dry  rapidly.  The  ruling  pen  must  therefore 
be  cleaned  constantly  as  the  ink  becomes  thick  and  sluggish  between  the  points  of  the  nibs. 
When  this  occurs  the  ink  does  not  flow  freely  and  the  result  is  a  ragged  line  or  no  line  at  all. 
While  inking,  a  soft  cloth  should  be  used  occasionally  to  wipe  out  the  thick  ink  and  to  keep 
the  nibs  clean  and  bright  both  inside  and  outside. 

1.     Why  should  a  ruling  pen  be  kept  clean? 


PLATE  14 


CM 


-4h 


V 


SECTION 


64  MECHANICAL   DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  14A. 
Make  a  complete  working  drawing  of  the  Pin  Bearing.     Scale  12"=!'. 

Title:-  PIN  BEARING 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 

1.     Why  are  the  front  and  side  views  preferred  to  the   front  and  top  views  in  the  drawing  of  the  Pin 
Bearing? 


PLATE  14A 


66  MECHANICAL   DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  15. 

Make  an  assembly  drawing  of  the  Book-rack  showing  two  views.  The  construction 
should  be  shown  and  all  parts  dimensioned.  In  the  picture  drawing  one  end  is  removed  to 
show  the  construction.  Scale  6"=i'. 

Title :-  BOOK-RACK 

SCALE  BATE 

NAME 

A  "bill  of  material"  for  an  object  to  be  constructed  of  wood,  is  a  tabulated  statement 
which  gives  the  number  wanted,  the  size,  the  material  and  the  name  of  each  piece  required  to 
make  it. 

Lumber  sizes  should  be  given  in  the  following  order :    Thickness  by  Width  by  Length. 

1.  Make  out  a  bill  of  material  for  the  Book-rack  using  the  form  as  shown  below. 

2.  How  many  board  feet  of  lumber  are  required  to  make  the  Book-rack? 

BILL  OF  MATERIAL  FOR  PLANT  STAND. 

4  pcs.  I'/f'x  \1A"  x22"  Birch  for  Legs 
4  "  H"  x  2"  x  10/2".  "  "  Rails 
1  "  &"x!4"  x!4"  "  "  Top 


PLATE  15 


U)\<Q 

r 


68  MECHANICAL   DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  ISA. 

From  the  detail  drawings  make  an  assembly  drawing  of  the  Footstool  showing  the  front 
and  side  views.  The  views  are  to  be  located  so  that  they  will  appear  well  balanced  in  the  space 
within  the  border  lines.  Scale  6"=i'. 

Title :-  FOOTSTOOL 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 

1.  Make  out  a  bill  of  material  for  the  Footstool. 

2.  How  many  board  feet  are  required  to  make  the    Footstool  ? 


PLATE  ISA 


(0 


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PLATE  16 


LT  H  r  E    LITTLE    FLEET  TELL  LET 

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A  V  W  K  X  Y     ZENITH  WEEK  EXIT 

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LETTTERING  PLATE.  B 
DATE 


PLANES  OF  PROJECTION 


6L.E&    _Of 


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74  MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  17. 

In  this  problem  two  views  of  the  Triangular  Prism  are  given ;  the  view  on  the  vertical 
plane  and  the  view  on  the  horizontal  plane.  Obtain  the  view  on  the  right  profile  plane  by 
projection.  Show  all  construction  and  projection  lines. 

Title:-       TRIANGULAR  PRISM 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 


PLATE  17 


76  MECHANICAL   DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  18. 

In  this  problem  the  view  of  the  Hexagonal  Prism  is  given  on  the  horizontal  plane.  The 
view  on  the  vertical  plane  is  partially  drawn  and  should  be  completed  by  projection.  The  view 
on  the  right  profile  plane  should  be  obtained  by  projection.  Show  all  construction  and  pro- 
jection lines.  Scale  i2"=i'. 

Title:-       HEXAGONAL  PRISM 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 


PLATE  18 


78  MECHANICAL   DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  19. 

The  view  on  the  vertical  plane  and  the  view  on  the  horizontal  plane  are  complete.  Obtain 
the  view  on  the  right  profile  plane  by  projection.  Show  all  construction  and  projection 
lines.  Scale  12"— i'. 

Title:-     OCTAGONAL  PRISM 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 


PLATE  19 


I          X 

X 


8O  MECHANICAL   DRAWING.  PROBLEMS 

Specification— Plate  20. 

Obtain  the  view  on  the  right  profile  plane   by   projection.      Show   all   construction   and 
projection  lines.     Scale  12"=!'. 

Title:—  TRIANGULAR  PYRAMID 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 


PLATE  20 


8.2  MECHANICAL   DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  21. 

Draw  two  views  of  the  Square  Prism  on  the  left  of  the  sheet,  as  shown.  On  the  right 
side  of  the  sheet  draw  three  views  of  the  prism  when  tilted  as  indicated.  The  view  on  the 
vertical  plane  and  the  view  on  the  horizontal  plane  are  complete.  Obtain  the  view  on  the  pro- 
file plane  by  projection.  Show  all  projection  lines.  Scale  12"=!'. 

Title:—  SQUARE  PRISM 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 


PLATE  21 


84  MECHANICAL   DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  22. 

Draw  two  views  of  the  Triangular  Prism  on  the  left  side  of  the  sheet,  as  shown.  On 
the  right  side  of  the  sheet  draw  three  views  of  the  prism  when  tilted  as  indicated.  The  view 
on  the  vertical  plane  and  the  view  on  the  left  profile  plane  are  complete.  Obtain  the  view  on 
the  horizontal  plane  by  projection.  Show  all  projection  lines.  Scale  12"=!'. 

Title:-      TRIANGULAR  PRISM 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 


PLATE  22 


86  MECHANICAL   DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  23. 

Draw  two  views  of  the  Hexagonal  Pyramid  on  the  left  side  of  the  sheet,  as  shown. 
On  the  right  side  of  the  sheet  draw  three  views  of  the  pyramid  when  tilted  as  indicated.  The 
view  on  the  vertical  plane  is  complete.  Obtain  the  view  on  the  horizontal  plane  and  the  view 
on  the  right  profile  plane  by  projection.  Scale  12"=! '. 

Title:—  HEXAGONAL  PYRAMID 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 


PLATE  23 


MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 


Specification — Plate  24. 

Draw  two  views  of  the  H-block  on  the  left  side  of  the  sheet,  as  shown.  On  the  right  side 
of  the  sheet  draw  two  views  of  the  block  as  it  would  appear  when  turned  as  indicated.  The 
view  on  the  horizontal  plane  is  partially  drawn  and  makes  an  angle  of  30°  to  the  vertical 
plane.  Obtain  the  view  on  the  vertical  plane  by  projection.  Show  all  projection  lines.  Scale 

I2"=l'. 

Title:-  H-BLOCK 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 


PLATE  24 


i 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

,  t 

9O  MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  25. 

Draw  two  views  of  the  Notched  Block  on  the  left  side  of  sheet,  as  shown.  In  the  mid- 
dle of  sheet  draw  two  views  of  the  block  when  tilted  as  indicated.  On  the  right  side  of  sheet 
draw  two  views  of  the  block  when  it  is  tilted  as  in  preceding  problem  and  turned  to  make  an 
angle  of  30°  with  the  vertical  plane. 

Title:-          NOTCHED  BLOCK 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 


PLATE  25 


92  MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate'  26. 

Draw  three  views  of  the  Truncated  Pyramid.  The  pyramid  is  so  placed  that  a  long 
edge  of  the  base  is  parallel  to  the  vertical  plane.  It  is  cut  by  an  imaginary  plane  which  forms 
an  angle  of  45°  to  the  horizontal  plane  and  90°  to  the  vertical  plane.  Show  all  projection 
lines.  Scale  12"=!'. 

Title:—   TRUNCATED  PYRAMID 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 


PLATE  26 


94  MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  26A. 

Draw  three  views  of  the  Truncated  Prism    when   placed   as   indicated   and   truncated   as 
shown.     Show  all  projection  lines.     Scale  12"==!'. 

Title:-        TRUNCATED  PRISM 

SCALE  DATE 

1TAME 


PLATE  26A 


MECHANICAL   DRAWING    PROBLEMS 


Specification  —  Plate  27. 

Make  a  complete  working  drawing  of  the  Tool-post  Slide,  showing  the  front,  top  and 
right-side  view.  Indicate  with  a  note  that  the  piece  is  to  be  made  of  cast  iron  and  is  to  be 
"finished  all  over."  Scale  12"=!'. 

Title:-         TOOL-POST  SLIDE 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 

The  production  of  an  ordinary  metal  casting,  as  iron  or  brass,  involves  three  distinct  oper- 
ations. First,  a  form  or  model  very  nearly  like  that  required  in.  the  casting  is  made  of  wood 
or  some  other  easily  shaped  material,  and  is  called  the  "pattern."  Next,  with  this  pattern  a 
mold  is  made  in  sand.  The  sand,  which  is  especially  prepared  for  the  purpose,  is  called  mold- 
ing sand.  It  contains  a  small  percentage  of  clay  and  will  retain  its  shape  after  the  pattern 
has  been  removed.  It  is  held  in  place  while  the  mold  is  being  made  by  a  box,  or  frame 
called  a  "flask."  The  flask  also  facilitates  making  the  proper  cavity  in  the  sand  with  the  pat- 
tern. Lastly,  the  metal  is  melted  and  poured  into  the  mold. 

The  surfaces  of  a  casting  which  are  made  true  and  smooth  by  cutting  them  on  a  machine. 
are  called  "finished"  surfaces.  Such  surfaces  must  have  added  metal  allowed  on  them  in 
the  casting  so  that  the  casting  will  be  the  required  size  after  the  surfaces  have  been  machined. 
A  drawing  should  always  be  made  and  dimensioned  to  the  required  machined  size  of  the 
object  to  be  made.  All  finished  surfaces  must  be  labelled  so  that  due  allowances  will  be 
made  in  the  pattern.  See  page  195. 

1.  How  are  metal  castings  made? 

2.  What  is  meant  by  "finish"  in  a  working  drawing? 

3.  What  is  meant  bv  "finish  all  over"? 


PLATE  27 


i 


I 


-  ,4'- 


0,8  MECHANICAL   DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  27A. 

Make  a  complete  working  drawing  of  the  Hexagonal  Wrench  showing  two  views  and 
a  "revolved  section"  of  the  handle.  The  two  faces  of  the  wrench  are  to  be  finished.  Indicate 
by  a  note  that  the  wrench  is  to  be  made  of  malleable  iron.  Scale  I2"=i'. 

Title:—   HEXAGONAL  WRENCH 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 

Ordinary  iron  castings  are  brittle  and  will  break  rather  than  bend  when  put  under  a 
severe  strain.  The  wrench  in  this  problem  is  cast  of  iron  and  then  put  thru  a  baking  process 
which  makes  it  tougher  than  ordinary  iron  castings.  The  product  is  "malleable  cast  iron"  or 
a  "malleable  iron  casting." 

1.     How  does  a  malleable  iron  casting  differ  from  an  ordinary  iron  casting? 


PLATE  27  A 


TOO  MECHANICAL   DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  28. 

Make  a  drawing  of  the  Picture  Frame,  showing  the  front  view  and  the  side  view  in  sec- 
tion. The  full-size  detail  shows  a  section  of  the  molding  which  is  used  to  make  the  frame. 
Scale  6"— i'. 

Title:-  PICTURE  FRAME 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 

In  small  picture  frames  the  joints  are  generally  glued  and  nailed.  Holes  should  be  drilled 
for  the  nails  while  the  pieces  are  held  together  with  clamps. 

1.  What  is  meant  by  a  "mitre-joint"? 

2.  How  many  feet  of  molding  are  necessary  to  make  the  frame  in  the  drawing,  allowing  4"   for  waste 
stock  ? 


PLATE  28 


T 


IO2  MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 


Specification — Plate  28A. 

Make  a  drawing  of  the  Nut  Bowl,   showing  the   front-view  half  in  section  and  the  upper 
half  of  the  top  view.     Scale  12"=!'. 


Title:—  NUT  BOWL 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 


When  a  cylindrical  object  is  symmetrical,  or  the  same  on  both  sides  of  a  center  line,  it  is 
sometimes  a  saving  of  time  and  paper  to  draw  only  one-half  of  the  profile  or  circular  view. 
This  is  especially  true  when  the  object  involves  many  small  details. 

1.     Why  is  one-half  of  the  top  view  omitted  in  the  drawing  of  the  Nut  Bowl? 


PLATE  28A 


IO4 


MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 


Specification — Plate  29. 

Make  a  working  drawing  of  the  Gland  consisting  of  two  views.  Show  the  side-view  half  in 
section.  The  drawing  in  the  lower  left-hand  part  of  the  data  sheet  shows  a  full-size  detail  of  the 
bevels  on  the  gland.  The  total  length  of  gland  is  2^/4".  Indicate  by  a  note  that  the  piece  is  to  be 
finished  all  over.  Scale  12"=!'. 


Title  :— 


SCALE 


GLAND 


NAME 


DATE 


The  gland  is  used  to  retain  and  compress  the  packing  in  a  stuffing  box.  (See  illustra- 
tion.) A  stuffing  box  in  a  steam  engine  is  a  piece  of  mechanism  at  the  opening  thru  which 
the  piston-rod  enters  the  cylinder.  By  screwing  down  the  nuts  on  the  studs,  the  gland  is 
forced  deeper  into  the  stuffing  box  and  compresses  the  packing  against  the  piston-rod  and 
the  walls  of  the  stuffing  box,  thereby  preventing  leakage  of  steam 
from  the  cylinder  thru  the  stuffing  box  and  around  the  piston-rod. 
The  packing  being  a  fibrous  material,  allows  the  rod  to  move  back 
and  forth  freely. 

1.     Explain  the  use  of  the  gland. 


PLATE  29 


-  Jg  DFHL.I-. 


IO6  MECHANICAL   DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  29A. 

Make  a  drawing  of  the  Gear  Blank,  showing  the  side  view  in  full  section.  Scale  12" 
=  i". 

Title:-  GEAR  BLANK 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 

A  gear  wheel  is  a  circular  disk  or  wheel  with  cogs  or  gear  teeth  cut  into  the  rim.  It  is 
used  to  transmit  motion  by  means  of  engaging  with  other  gear  wheels  or  gear-toothed  parts. 

The  gear  blank  in  the  drawing  has  a  rectangular  groove,  or  "keyway"  cut  into  the  bore. 
A  similar  keyway  is  cut  into  the  shaft  on  which  the  gear  is  mounted.  A  "key"  which  is  fitted 
into  the  keyways,  locks  the  gear  on  the  shaft  so  that  gear  and  shaft  revolve  together. 

1.  Where  have  you  seen  a  gear  wheel  in  use? 

2.  How  can  a  wheel  which  is  mounted  on  a  shaft  be  fastened  to  the  shaft  so  that  it  revolves  with  it? 


PLATE  29A 


DIA.  Of  GEAR  BLANK  •4:7, 

«_      i,      HUB  I   jf 

"         x     BO&E  S" 
THICKNESS    OF  \A/gB  ;g 


FACE. 
KEYWAY 


IO8  MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  30. 

Make  a  working  drawing  of  the  5"  Pipe  Elbow,  showing  the  front  and  left-side  view. 
Show  a  partial  section  in  the  side  view  as  suggested  in  the  picture  drawing.  It  is  unneces- 
sary to  show  invisible  lines  representing  the  drilled  holes.  Scale  12"=!'. 

Title:-  5"  PIPE  ELBOW 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 

The  90°  pipe  elbow  is  one  of  many  so-called  "pipe  fittings"  which  are  used  to  join  or 
connect  pipes.  The  smaller  sizes  of  pipe  usually  have  screwed  joints.  The  pipe  is  threaded 
on  the  ends  and  connected  by  threaded  fittings.  The  larger  sizes  of  pipe  are  usually  con- 
nected by  flanged  fittings  bolted  together. 

The  inside  diameter  of  a  pipe  is  the  nominal  diameter.  In  speaking  of  a  i"  gas  pipe,  it 
is  understood  that  the  inside  diameter  is  referred  to;  the  inside  diameter  being  necessary  to 
compute  the  amount  of  gas  that  may  pass  through  the  pipe. 

1.  How  are  pipes  connected? 

2.  Why  is  the  inside  diameter  of  a  pipe  given  as  the  nominal  diameter? 


PLATE  30 


A  •=•  SIZE.    OF    PIPE. 

B  =  BOLT  HOLE.   CIRCLE& 

C  =  THICKNE&&   OF  PIPE. 

T  =  ••_ »_  FLANGE. 

ce. 


E.     =     CENTER    TO 
_F    =     Z7/A.  OF  . 
FIL.LE.T& 


^ 

6^ 

£ 


if" 

16 


10 

i"f 


_&_-  g  Drill  in 
both    flanges. 


I  IO  MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification  Plate  30A. 
Make  a  drawing  of  the  Chain  as  indicated.     Scale  12"=!'. 

Title:—  CHAIN 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 

The  area  of  a  circle  =  radius  x  radius  x  3.1416. 
The  volume  of  a  cylinder  =  area  x  length. 
1.     Compute  the  volume  of  a  single  link  of  the  chain. 


PLATE  30A 


r    / 


«o 


112  MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 


Specification  Plate  31. 

Make  a  drawing  of  the  Babbitt  Bearing,  indicating  the  materials  by  means  of  a  section  in 
one  of  the  views.  Scale  12"=!'. 

Title :-        BABBITT  BEARING 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 

The  bearing  in  the  drawing  is  used  to  support  a  revolving  shaft.  As  in  all  machines  or 
machine  parts  where  motion  and  power  are  transmitted,  there  is  friction  between  the  surface 
of  the  moving  part  and  the  surface  of  the  part  that  bears  or  supports  it.  This  friction  causes  a 
loss  of  power,  and  causes  wear  on  the  surfaces  of  the  moving  part  and  the  support,  or  bearing. 
In  order  to  minimize  friction,  bearings  are  lined  with  one  of  several  kinds  of  "bearing  metal" 
which  have  anti-friction  qualities.  The  bearing  in  the  drawing  is  lined  with  babbitt  metal 
which  is  an  alloy  of  lead,  tin  and  antimony  and  is  one  of  the  most  common  of  bearing  metals. 

1.    What  is  babbitt  metal  and  what  is  it  used  for? 


PLATE  31 


114  MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 


Specification— Plate  31  A. 
Complete  the  drawing  of  the  Flanged  Bushing.    The  bushing  is  finished  all  over.    Scale 

I2"=l'. 

Title :-        FLANGED  BUSHING 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 

A  bashing  is  a  lining,  or  tube  of  metal  or  other  material  which  is  inserted  in  a  hole  that 
has  been  drilled  or  bored.  It  is  used  to  reduce  the  size  of  the  hole  or  to  line  it  with  a  good 
bearing  surface.  The  bushing  in  the  drawing  is  made  to  fit  the  end  bearing  in  the  crank 
case  of  a  gas  engine  and  forms  a  bearing  surface  for  the  revolving  crank  shaft.  When  the 
bearing  becomes  worn  thru  continued  use,  it  can  be  replaced  by  a  new  one  made  to  fit  the 
crank  shaft. 

1.  What  is  a  bushing? 

2.  Where  have  you  seen  a  bushing  used? 


PLATE  31A 


Fini&h    all  over. 


Il6  MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  32. 

Make  a  drawing  of  the  Rocker  Arm  as  indicated.    Place  fillets  where  necessary  and  make 
the  radius  of  all  fillets   #".     Scale  9"=!' 

Title:-  ROCKER  ARM 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 

KEEP  YOUR  TOOLS  CLEAN. 

The  tee-square,  scale  and  triangles  become  dirty  thru  use  and  should  be  cleaned  occa- 
sionally with  warm  water  and  soap.     Dirty  tools  soil  the  paper  and  should  not  be  used. 


PLATE  32 


«S A/OVA/   SECTION 
ON     A-B      HE.RE-. 


BOftE . 


Il8  MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 


Specification — Plate  32A. 

Make  a  drawing  of  the  Bell-crank  Lever  as  indicated.     All.  fillets  J4"  unless  otherwise 
specified.     Diameter  of  large  hub  3}4".     Diameter  of  small  hubs  2%".     Scale  6"=i'. 

Title :-       BELL-CRANK  LEVER 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 

KEEP  YOUR  PENCIL  POINTS  SHARPENED. 

Accurate  and  neatly  executed  drawings  require  well  sharpened  lead  points.    The  compass 
lead  should  be  sharpened  to  a  chisel  point  similar  to  the  chisel  point  on  a  pencil. 


PLATE  32A 


I2O  MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  33. 

The  working  drawing  represents  a  Truncated  Square  Prism,  showing  the  front  view,  top 
view,  side  view  and  an  auxiliary,  or  added  view.  The  auxiliary  view  shows  the  shape  and 
size  of  the  surface  which  is  cut  by  an  oblique  plane.  Develop  a  pattern  for  the  prism  as  indi- 
cated. Scale  12"=!'. 

Title:-  TRUNCATED  SQUARE  PRISM 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 

THE  DEVELOPMENT  OF  SURFACES. 

It  is  frequently  necessary  to  make  a  drawing  of  the  surfaces  of  an  object  arranged  m 
such  a  manner  that  a  pattern  being  made  from  it  and  properly  folded  or  rolled,  would  repro- 
duce the  object.  In  order  to  do  this,  an  outline  of  each  surface  must  be  obtained  on  a  plane 
of  projection  parallel  to  it,  so  that  it  will  be  represented  in  its  true  shape  and  size.  The  sur- 
faces must  then  be  grouped  and  drawn  adjacent  to  each  other  so  that  the  pattern  formed 
would  assume  the  exact  shape  and  size  of  the  object,  if  properly  folded  or  rolled. 


PLATE  33 


•2" 


122  MECHANICAL   DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  33A. 

Complete  the  working  drawing  of  the  Truncated  Square  Prism  and  develop  pattern  for 
same.    Scale  12"=!'. 

Title:—         TRUNCATED  SQUARE  PRISM 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 


PLATE  33A 


124  MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 


Specification — Plate  34. 

Make  a  drawing,  including  an  auxiliary  view,   and   develop   a  pattern   for  the  Octagonal 
Prism.     Scale  12"=!'. 

Title:-    TRUNCATED  OCTAGONAL  PRISM 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 


PLATE  34 


D 


126  MECHANICAL   DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  34A. 

Make  a  drawing,  including  an  auxiliary  view,  and  develop  a  pattern  for  the  Pentagonal 
Prism.     A  simple  method  of  drawing  a  pentagon,  having  giving  one  side,  is  indicated.    Scale 

12"— I'. 

Title:-        TRUNCATED  PENTAGONAL  PRISM 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 


PLATE  34A 


c 


128  MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  35. 

Make  a  drawing,  including  an  auxiliary  view,  and  develop  a  pattern  for  the  Triangular 
Prism.     The  base  of  the  prism  is  an  equilateral  triangle.     Scale  I2"=i'. 

Title:-        TRUNCATED  TRIANGULAR  PRISM 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 


PLATE  35 


"T 


MECHANICAL   DRAWING    PROBLEMS 


Specification — Plate  35A. 

Make  a  drawing,  including  an  auxiliary  view,  and  develop  a  pattern  for  the  Triangular 
Prism.     Scale  12"— i'. 

Title:—         TRUNCATED  TRIANGULAR  PRISM 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 


PLATE  35A 


132  MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  36. 

Make  a  drawing,  including  an  auxiliary  view,  and  develop  a  pattern  for  the  Triangular 
Pyramid.     The  base  of  the  pyramid  is  an  equilateral  triangle.     Scale  I2"=i'. 

Title:-       TRUNCATED  TRIANGULAR  PYRAMID 

SCALE  -ATE 


PLATE  36 


134  MECHANICAL   DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  37. 

Make  a  drawing,  including  an  auxiliary  view,  and  develop  a  pattern  for  the  Square  Pyra- 
mid.   Scale  12"=!'. 

Title:-    TRUNCATED  SQUARE  PYRAMID 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 


PLATE  37 


136  MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  37A. 

Make  a  drawing,  including  an  auxiliary  view,  and  develop  a  pattern  for  the  Oblique  Pyra- 
mid. In  laying  out  the  pattern  draw  an  arc  for  each  edge  of  the  pyramid  making  the  radius 
equal  the  true  length  of  the  respective  edge.  Scale  12"=!'. 

Title:-       TRUNCATED  OBLIQUE  PYRAMID 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 


PLATE  37A 


J 


138  MECHANICAL   DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  38. 

Make  a  drawing,  including  an  auxiliary  view,  and  develop  a  pattern  for  the  Truncated 
Cylinder.     Scale  12"=!'. 

Title:— TRUNCATED  CYLINDER 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 


PLATE  38 


14O  MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  38A. 

Make  a  drawing,  including  an  auxiliary  view,  and  develop  pattern  for  the  Sheet-metal 
Hood,  including  pattern  for  handle.     The  handle  is  to  be  made  of  %"  x  ^"  band  iron.     Scale 

•?"=!'. 

Title:-     SHEET-METAL  HOOD 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 


PLATE  38A 


142  MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  39. 

Make  a  drawing,  including  an  auxiliary  view,  and  develop  a  pattern  for  the  Truncated 
Cone.    Scale  12"=!'. 

Title:-        TRUNCATED  CONE 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 


PLATE  39 


144  MECHANICAL   DRAWING    PROBLEMS 


Specification — Plate  39A. 
Make  a  drawing  and  develop  a  pattern  for  the  Oblique  Cone.     Scale  12"— i'. 

Title:-  OBLIQUE  CONE 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 


PLATE  39A 


xx 

1 

J 

1 

/I 

1  , 

1 

146  MECHANICAL   DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  40. 

Make  a  drawing  of  the  Intersecting  Cylinders,  showing  the.  line  of  intersection.    Develop 
a  pattern  for  each  cylinder.     Scale  I2"=i'. 

Title:-  INTERSECTING  CYLINDERS 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 


PLATE  40 


148  -MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  40A. 

Make  a  drawing  of  the  Intersecting  Cylinders,   showing  the  line  of  intersection  in  the 
front  view  and  the  top  view.     Develop  a  pattern  for  each  cylinder.     Scale  i2"=i'. 

Title:-  INTERSECTING    CYLINDERS 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 


PLATE  40A 


I5O  MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  41. 

Make  a  drawing  of  a  Cone  intersected  by  a  Cylinder  as  indicated.  Develop  the  line  of 
intersection  in  the  top  view  and  from  it  the  line  of  intersection  in  the  front  view.  Develop 
patterns  for  the  cone  and  cylinder.  Scale  12"=!'. 

Title:-          CYLINDER  INTERSECTING  CONE 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 


PLATE  41 


152  MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  41A. 

Make  a  drawing  of  a  Cone  intersected  by  a  Cylinder  as  indicated.  Develop  the  line  of 
intersection  in  the  top  view  and  from  it  the  line  of  intersection  in  the  front  view.  Develop 
patterns  for  the  cone  and  cylinder.  Scale  12"=! '. 

Title:-         CYLINDER  INTERSECTING  CONE 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 


PLATE  41A 


154  MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  42. 
Make  a  working  drawing  and  develop  pattern  for  the  Ventilator.     Scale  3"=!'. 

Title:—  VENTILATOR 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 

Sheet  iron,  sheet  steel,  sheet  copper,  etc.,  are  formed  by  the  rolling  process.  A  bar,  or 
"billet,"  of  heated  metal  is  passed  between  successive  sets  of  revolving  cylindrical  rolls  much 
as  clothes  are  passed  thru  a  clothes  wringer.  The  metal  is  reduced  in  thickness  and  increased 
in  surface  each  time  it  passes  thru  the  rolls,  the  last  set  of  rolls  being  so  adjusted  as  to  bring 
it  to  the  desired  thickness.  These  rolls  are  generally  made  of  chilled  cast  iron  or  steel  and 
are  very  heavy.  Metal  is  also  "cold  rolled." 


PLATE  42 


156  MECHANICAL   DRAWING    PROBLEMS 


Specification— Plate  42A. 

Make  a  working  drawing  of  the  Pipe  Tee,  showing  the  front-view  half  in  section.  Show 
the  line  of  intersection  formed  by  the  outside  of  the  pipes  on  the  left  side  of  center  line  and 
the  line  of  intersection  formed  by  the  inside  of  the  pipes  on  the  right  side  of  center  line  in  the 
front  view.  Scale  3"=i'. 

Title:-  REDUCING  TEE 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 

Steam,  water,  oil  or  gas  frequently  passes  thru  pipes  under  a  high  pressure.  Connections 
must  therefore  be  made  carefully  so  that  there  will  be  no  leakage  at  the  joints.  Flanges  for 
pipes  and  pipe  fittings  are  machined  so  that  they  are  true  and  will  form  a  tight  joint  when 
bolted  together.  To  further  insure  a  tight  joint,  a  ring  cut  from  a  sheet  of  rubber  or  other 
material  is  placed  between  the  flanges.  This  ring,  which  is  cut  to  the  shape  and  size  of  the 
flanges,  is  called  a  "gasket."  Asbestos,  copper,  and  lead  gaskets  are  also  used. 


PLATE  42A 


.it 


5-  ^  holes,  Jn  t>ofh  f/aryes . 


/ 


\/ 


158  MECHANICAL   DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  43. 
Make  drawings  and  develop  patterns  for  the  Pipe  Elbow  and  the  Funnel.     Scale  \Y>"  and 

I2"=l'. 

Title:—         PIPE  ELBOW  AND  FUNNEL 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 

Sheet  iron  when  exposed  to  moisture  will  soon  rust.  To  prevent  this  it  may  be  plated 
with  a  thin  coat  of  some  other  metal  which  is  not  affected  by  moisture.  For  certain  uses  this 
is  very  desirable  as  the  iron  gives  the  sheet  thickness  and  strength,  and  the  plating  affords 
a  protection.  So-called  "tin"  which  is  used  to  make  cans,  kitchen  utensils,  etc.,  consists  of 
sheet  iron  plated  with  a  very  thin  coat  of  tin.  Galvanized  iron  consists  of  sheet  iron  plated 
with  a  thin  coat  of  zinc. 


PLATE  43 


(j.       Of      oe.VCt.Of  HEN 

FO1     MIOOt-B.     &E.CTIOM. 


l6o  MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  43A. 

Make  a  drawing  of  the  15°  Fork  Wrench,  using  the  following  values  which  are  for  a  J4" 
nut. 

C-nV',      D  =  H",    H-TV',    1  =  1%",    J  =  i",     K  =  %",     L-&".     M  =  ^",     N  =  9". 

Draw  line  OA  15°  to  center  line  ZY.  Draw  OB  and  OE  45°  to  OA,  and  FG  75°  to 
ZY  as  shown.  Tangent  to  circle  of  C  diameter  draw  jaw  faces  parallel  to  OA.  Space 
half  of  D  on  each  side  of  75°  line  FG.  With  x  and  x'  as  centers,  draw  arcs  from  outer 
end  of  jaw  faces  to  lines  OB  and  OE.  With  O  as  center,  join  the  ends  of  these  arcs,  also 
inner  ends  of  jaw  faces. 

The  wrench  is  dropped-forged  of  steel  and  is   finished  all  over.     Scale   12"  —  i'. 
Title:-        15°   FORK  WRENCH 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 


PLATE  43A 


l62  MECHANICAL   DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  44. 

Make  a  drawing  of  the  Steering  Column  Support,  showing  the  front  view,  side  view 
ind  an  auxiliary  view  as  indicated.  The  lay-out  sheet  shows  the  front  view  complete  and 
as  much  of  the  side  view  as  is  to  be  drawn.  Complete  the  auxiliary  view  omitting  all  dotted 
lines  as  they  do  not  add  any  information  and  would  make  the  drawing  less  clear  if  indi- 
cated. The  pads  upon  which  the  support  rests  and  the  end  of  the  cylindrical  boss,  are  to 
be  faced.  Scale  12"=!'. 

Title:-  STEERING  COLUMN  SUPPORT 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 

AUXILIARY  VIEWS. 

It  will  be  noticed  in  the  drawing  of  the  Steering  Column  Support  that  the  auxiliary 
view  shows  the  shape  and  construction  of  the  object  to  a  good  advantage.  Auxiliary  views 
are  used  whenever  they  make  a  drawing  more  clear  than  can  be  obtained  with  other  views. 


PLATE  44 


164  MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEM'S 


Specification — Plate  44A. 
Make  a  working  drawing  of  the  Slotted  Segment.     Scale    12"=! '. 

Title:-       SLOTTED  SEGMENT 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 

NOTES  ON  DIMENSIONS. 

1.  Important  dimensions  should  not  be  placed  where  they  may  be  overlooked. 

2.  When  lines  are  close  together,  make  arrow-heads  so  that  the  workmen  can  tell  which 
line  they  go  to. 

3.  Do  not  put  on  all  dimensions  and  then  all  arrow-heads  as  you  may  miss  some  of  the 
arrow-heads  by  so  doing. 


PLATE  44A 


Drill  all  hale&  ^ 


1 66  MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  45. 

Make  a  drawing  of  a  Cast  Iron  Pulley  7"  in  diameter  for  3"  belt.  Scale  i2"=i".  Use 
the  following  values  which  are  taken  from  formulas  and  tables  by  J.  W.  See,  American 
Machinist  Hand  Book,  and  are  based  on  the  diameter  of  pulley,  width  of  belt  and  diam- 
eter of  shaft. 

Dia.,  7".  F   =  l/±"  thickness  of  rim  at  center. 

W  =  width,  3^2".  G  =  l/%"  thickness  of  rim  at  edge. 

S    =  i  Y4"  diameter  of  shaft.  O==>^ofC. 

B   =  {§"  width  of  arm  at  center.  Y   =  E. 

C   ==  Ty  width  of  arm  at  circumference.         '      1=3"  distance  across  web. 

D  =  y&"  thickness  of  arm  at  center.  J    =  2^/4"  diameter  of  hub. 

E   =  y\"  thickness  of  arm  at  circumference.        L   =  2^"  length  of  hub. 

Title:-       CAST  IRON  PULLEY 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 

CONVENTIONAL  SECTIONS. 

It  will  be  noticed  in  the  drawing  of  the  pulley  that  the  arms  are  not  sectioned  in  the 
side  view  as  would  be  the  case  in  a  true  projection  from  the  front  view.  This  is  done  to 
show  clearly  the  shape  of  the  hub  and  the  rim  and  is  customary  in  drawings  of  objects  in- 
volving spokes,  arms,  or  ribs.  The  "revolved  section"  of  the  arm  is  also  a  conventional 
method  of  showing  the  shape  of  such  members  or  parts.  See  page  197. 


PLATE  45 


l68  MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  45A. 

Make  a  full-size  drawing  of  a  7"  Hand  Wheel,  using  the  following  values  which  are 
derived  from  formulas  and  tables  based  on  the  diameter  of  the  wheel. 

A  =  7"  diameter  of  wheel.  H  =  ITV". 

B  =  if"  diameter  of  rim.  I    =  i  TV". 

C  =5/s"  off  set.  K  =  iTy. 

D  =  2l/&"  diameter  across  web.  L  =  \l"  width  of  arm  at  rim. 

E  =  W  thickness  of  arm  at  hub.  M  =  }f"  width  of  arm  at  hub. 

F  =  Ji"  thickness  of  arm  at  rim.  O  =  1.25  x  B  length  of  hub. 

G  =  Y%" .  Diameter  of  hub  =    D  minus  E. 

When  reverse  curves  are  to  be  joined  as  at  x,  a  short  straight  line  should  be  used  to 
connect  them  to  prevent  an  apparent  kink  in  the  finished  curve.  This  rule  may  be  ignored 
when  drawing  small  curves  of  the  same  radius.  Scale  12"=!'. 

Title:-  7"  HAND  WHEEL 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 

CONVENTIONAL  SECTIONS. 

In  a  drawing  of  a  pulley  or  wheel  which  has  an  uneven  number  of  spokes  or  arms,  the 
sectional  view  should  be  represented  as  if  there  were  two  arms  opposite  each  other,  as  in 
the  hand  wheel.  The  other  view  should  show  one  of  the  arms  in  a  vertical  position  above 
the  horizontal  center  line. 


PLATE  4SA 


MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 


Specification  —  Plate  46. 

Make  a  drawing  of  the  Library  Table,  showing  the  end  view  in  section  and  the  front- 
view  half  in  section.  Show  also,  sections  on  lines  V-V,  O-O,  and  X-X.  Size  of  top  24"  x  36". 
Depth'  of  drawer  19"  over  all.  All  material  -)4"  unless  otherwise  specified.  Scale  iV  =  i"- 

Title:-  LIBRARY  TABLE 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 

1.  Make  out  a  bill  of  material  for  the  Library  Table.    The  back,  sides,  and  bottom  of  the  drawer  are  made 
of  basswood.    All  other  pieces  are  of  quarter-sawed  white  oak. 

2.  Determine  the  approximate  cost  of  the  material  for  the  table. 


PLATE  46 


1 72  MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  46A 

Make  a  drawing  of  the  Bed  to  a  suitable  scale.  The  foot  end  of  the  bed  may  be  drawn 
directly  in  front  of  the  head  end  with  a  left-side  view  in  section  of  the  foot  end  and  a  right- 
side  view  in  section  of  the  head  end.  A  separate  drawing  is  made  of  the  side  rails.  The  rails 
are  fastened  to  the  ends  of  the  bed  by  means  of  cast-iron  rail  fasteners  which  work  on  a 
wedge-hook  principle. 

Title:-  SINGLE    BED 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 


PLATE  46A 


174  MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  47. 

Make  isometric  drawings  of  a  ifa"  cube;  a  circular  block  Ty  thick  by  \y2"  diameter 
resting  on  a  block  T%"  thick  by  i1/?"  square;  a  triangular  frame  and  a  clutch  spider  as 
indicated.  In  the  drawing  of  the  frame  and  the  clutch  spider,  dimensions  are  to  be  placed 
on  both  the  working  drawing  and  the  isometric  drawing.  Scale  12"=!'. 

Title:—  ISOMETRIC  DRAWINGS 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 

ISOMETRIC  DRAWING. 

Isometric  drawing  is  a  mechanical  method  of  pictorial  representation.  It  is  used  to 
represent  a  complete  picture  of  an  object  in  one  view,  showing  the  three  dimensions  of 
height,  width,  and  length.  Parallel  lines  of  equal  length  on  the  object  are  of  equal  length 
in  the  drawing;  hence  isometric  drawing?  can  be  dimensioned  to  a  better  advantage  than 
perspective  drawings. 


PLATE  47 


176  MECHANICAL   DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  47A. 

Make  an  isometric  drawing  of  the  Crank  as  indicated  by  the  working  drawing;  also  of 
the  Brace  in  Plate  ;A.  Scale  12"  and  9"=  i' 

Title:—  ISOMETRIC    DRAWINGS 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 

Dimensions  on  isometric  drawings  should  be  placed  so  as  to  read  from  left  to  r-ight  or 
from  the  bottom  up.  Dimension  lines  should  always  be  parallel  to  an  isometric  axis.  In  indi- 
cating the  diameter  of  circles  it  is  better  to  place  the  dimension  outside  of,  rather  than  on 
the  isometric  circles. 


PLATE  47  A 


178  MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  48. 

1.  Draw  a  helix  of  two  turns  having  a  diameter  of  3>4"  and  a  pitch  of  2"  as  indicated. 

2.  Draw  a  profile,  or  sectional  view  of  the  United  States  Standard  Thread  of  i"  pitch 
as  indicated. 

3.  Draw  a  conventional  representation  of  screw-threads  on  a  piece  of  \Y\"  diameter  rod 
as  indicated.     Also  a  block  threaded  to  fit  a  i/4"  screw,  upper  half  in  section. 

4.  Draw  a  conventional  representation  of  screw-threads  on  a  i"  diameter  rod  as  indi- 
cated ;  also  a  block  threaded  to  fit  the  rod  and  an  end  view  of  the  block  as  indicated.     Scale 
12"— I'. 

Title:—     U.   S.   STANDARD   THREAD 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 

The  helix  is  the  curve  of  the  screw-thread  and  is  the  curve  used  in  making  the  actual 
representation  of  a  thread.  It  is  the  path  of  a  point  traced  on  the  surface  of  a  revolving 
cylinder  as  the  point  moves  at  a  uniform  rate  of  speed  along  a  line  which  is  parallel  with 
the  axis  of  the  cylinder,  and  at  some  regular  prescribed  proportion  of  travel  in  this  direction 
to  each  revolution  of  the  cylinder.  The  pitch  of  the  helix  is  the  distance  between  any  two 
points  in  the  path  of  the  cylinder  measured  parallel  with  the  axis  of  the  cylinder.  See  pages 
199  and  200. 

In  the  drawing  of  screw-threads  the  actual  form  of  the  thread  is  seldom  represented,  as 
it  involves  too  much  time  and  work.  Conventional  forms  have  been  adopted,  two  of  the 
most  common  being  shown  in  Plate  48. 


PLATE  48 


CONVENTIONAL.  FORMS. 


ISO  MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 


Specification — Plate  48A. 

1.  Draw  a  i"  hexagonal  bolt  and  nut,  U.  S.   Standard  Thread,  using  the  conventional 
method  of  representing  the  thread  as  indicated, 

2.  Draw  a  i"  square-head  bolt  and  nut,  U.  S.  Standard  Thread,  using  the  conventional 
method  of  representing  thread  as  indicated.     Scale  12"=!'. 

For  construction  of  bolt  heads  and  nuts,  see  page  198. 
Title:-      MACHINE   BOLTS 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 

There  are  two  classes  of  bolts,  namely :  Machine  Bolts  and  Carriage  Bolts.  Machine 
bolts  are  classed  as  rough  or  finished  and  have  square  er  hexagonal  heads.  In  the  process 
of  manufacturing  rough  bolts,  rods  of  iron  or  steel  are  cut  into  pieces  of  definite  lengths, 
according  to  the  length  of  bolt  desired.  These  pieces  are  heated  at  one  end  and  placed  in 
the  jaws  of  a  machine  called  a  bolt  header,  leaving  enough  of  the  heated  end  projecting 
to  form  the  head.  The  ram  of  the  machine  upsets  and  forms  the  heated  end  to  the  desired 
shaped  head.  A  thread  is  cut  on  the  other  end  of  the  bolt  in  a  threading  machine,  with  a 
threading  tool  called  a  die.  Finished  bolts  are  turned  from  hexagonal,  square,  or  round  bars. 
\Yhen  turned  from  round  bars  it  is  necessary  to  machine  the  head  to  the  desired  shape. 
Nuts  for  the  bolts  are  either  punched  from  heavy  sheet-metal  or  cut  from  met?l  bars  of  the 
proper  shape.  The  holes  are  punched  or  drilled  and  are  threaded  with  a  tool  called  a  tap. 


PLATE  48A 


l82  MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  49. 

Make  a  working  drawing  of  a  n'xi6'  Garage.  Show  the  side  elevation,  left-hand 
half  in  section;  front  elevation,  left-hand  half  in  section;  plan  view,  in  section  on  line  A-B. 
The  sectional  half  in  the  front  and  side  elevation  is  to  include  the  concrete  floor  below  the 
grade  line. 

In  the  front  are  two  hinged  doors  3'-6"x7'-6";  each  door  to  have  a  window  with  four 
14"  x  14"  lights  and  a  built-up  panel  2 '-6"  x  3'-o".  The  division  bars  or  mullions  in  win- 
dow are  2"  wide.  The  lights  are  held  in  place  with  YZ"  ~x.l/2n  strips.  Show  the  opening 
only  for  the  rear  window.  Scale  ^"==i'. 

Title:—  AUTOMOBILE   GARAGE 

SCALE  DATE 

NAME 

Note: — Use  15"x22"  paper.     Trim  to  14"x20^".     Border  line  13"  x  19". 


PLATE  49 


IS—  O 


0 


THIS 
>A/     L.IN 


/A/ 


AUTOMOBILE    GARAGE . 


«/2> 


A- 


/JV  SECTION 


PLATE  49  (Continued) 


PLATE  49  (Continued) 


GORNe.*  BOARDS 
fff  "*  -5  ' 


ID ec.fi on   through  .iamb  ^f.  corner 


1 86  .  MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 

Specification — Plate  49A. 

Make  a  drawing  of  the  Cornice  and  Sill  to  a  suitable  scale.     Pitch  y§.     Shingles 
to  weather. 


PLATE  49A 


i88 


MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 


GEOMETRIC  PROBLEMS. 


Prob.  i — To  bisect  a  line  as  AB.  With  centers  A  and  B,  and  any 
radius  greater  than  one-half  AB,  draw  arcs  I  and  2.  Thru  the  points 
of  intersection  of  these  arcs  draw  a  line.  The  line  will  bisect  the  line  AB. 


Prob.  2 — To  bisect  the  arc  of  a  circle  as  AB.  With  centers  A  and  B, 
draw  intersecting  arcs  i  and  2.  Draw  a  line  thru  the  points  of  inter- 
section of  these  arcs.  The  line  will  bisect  the  arc  AB. 


Prob.  3 — To  bisect  an  angle  as  ABC.  From  B  with  as  large  a  radius 
as  is  possible,  draw  arc  i.  From  its  point  of  intersection  with  AB  and 
CB,  draw  arcs  2  and  3.  A  line  drawn  thru  B  and  intersection  of  arcs 
2  and  3,  will  bisect  the  given  angle. 


GEOMETRIC    PROBLEMS 


189 


I        £.' 


Prob.  4 — To  divide  a  line  as  AB  into  any  number  of  parts.  Let  the 
required  number  of  divisions  be  six.  Draw  AC  at  any  angle  with  AB, 
and  lay  off  six  equal  spaces  of  any  length.  Connect  last  point,  6,  with 
B  and  draw  lines  parallel  to  this  line  thru  the  other  points  intersecting  AB 
in  points  i',  2',  3',  4'  and  5'  which  determine  the  required  divisions. 


Prob.  5 — Given :  Three  points  A,  B  and  C,  not  in  the  same  straight 
line.  Required :  To  draw  an  arc  passing  thru  these  points.  With  A  and 
B  as  centers  and  any  radius  greater  than  one-half  AB,  describe  intersecting 
arcs.  With  B  and  C  as  centers  describe  similar  arcs.  Draw  lines  thru 
intersections  of  these  arcs.  The  point  of  intersection  of  these  lines  at  O 
is  the  center  for  arc  passing  thru  A,  B,  and  C. 


Prob.  6 — Given :  Lines  AB  and  CB  at  right  angles  to  each  other. 
Required :  To  draw  an  arc  of  a  given  radius  tangent  to  these  lines.  Draw- 
line  DO  parallel  to  AB  with  distance  EQ  equal  to  given  radius.  Draw  line 
EO  parallel  to  CB  with  distance  DO  equal  to  given  radius.  Point  O  is 
center  of  arc  and  D  and  E  are  the  points  of  tangency. 


i  go 


MECHANICAL    DRAWING    PROBLEMS 


Prob.  7 — Given :  Lines  AB  and  CB  which  are  not  at  right  angles  to 
each  other.  Required :  To  draw  an  arc  of  a  given  radius  tangent  to  these 
lines.  Draw  line  DO  parallel  to  AB  with  distance  LO  equal  to  given 
radius.  Draw  line  EO  parallel  to  CB  with  distance  NO  equal  to  given 
radius.  Point  O  is  center  of  arc  and  L  and  N  are  the  points  of  tangency. 

Prob.  8 — Given :  Any  straight  line  CD  and  any  arc  AB.  Required : 
To  draw  an  arc  of  a  given  radius  tangent  to  line  CD  and  arc  AB.  Draw 
line  EH  parallel  to  CD  with  distance  KO  equal  to  given  radius.  From 
center  of  arc  AB  and  with  radius  of  arc  AB,  plus  radius  of  given  arc, 
describe  arc  2  passing  thru  EH.  Point  O  is  center  of  arc,  tangent  to  AB 
and  CD.  L  and  K  are  the  points  of  tangency. 


Prob.  9 — Given  :  A  circle  of  any  diameter.  Required :  To  inscribe 
a  hexagon  within  it.  Draw  a  diameter  as  AD.  \Yith  A  and  D  as  centers 
and  radius  equal  to  that  of  circle,  draw  arc  i,  i  and  2,  2.  Connect  points 
of  intersection  A,  B,  C,  D,  E,  and  F  to  form  required  hexagon. 

Draftsman's  method :  Draw  horizontal  diameter  AD  with  T-square. 
With  30°,  60°  triangle  draw  line  passing  thru  center  as  illustrated  by 
dotted  lines,  locating  points  C  and  F.  In  a  similar  manner  locate  points 
B  and  E  and  connect  points  with  use  of  30°,  60°  triangle  to  form  sides  of 
hexagon. 


GEOMETRIC    PROBLEMS 


Prob.  10 — Given  a  circle  of  any  diameter.  Required:  To  circum- 
scribe a  hexagon  about  it.  Draw  a  diameter  as  BE.  With  point  G  as 
center  and  radius  equal  to  that  of  given  circle,  describe  arc  2.  Bisect  the 
arc  GLN  and  thru  L  draw  BC  parallel  to  GX.  With  O  as  center  and 
radius  BO,  describe  circle  BDF.  In  this  circle  inscribe  a  hexagon. 

Draftsman's  method :  With  3o°-6o°  triangle  draw  diameters  BE,  AD 
and  CF  as  illustrated  by  dotted  lines.  With  same  triangle  draw  sides  AB 
and  ED,  BC  and  FE,  AF  and  CD,  each  tangent  to  the  given  circle. 

Prob.  1 1 — To  draw  an  octagon  within  a  given  square.  Draw  diagonals 
in  square.  With  A,  B,  C,  and  D  as  centers,  strike  arcs  passing  thru  center 
at  O  and  intersecting  sides  of  square.  Connect  intersections  with  straight 
lines  to  form  octagon. 


192 


HOW   TO    SHARPEN  A  PENCIL.. 


A/OTO-/ 

TO   INDICATE 

DEGREE 


CHISE.L.    POINT 

&E.ST SUITE.O  ran  L-A.YOUT  O 


3H  NEEDLE.     f>0/N-f 
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USE  OF  FRENCH  CURVE 


193 


l«-INK  -»J 


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195 


ME.THOD&  OF  INDICATING  FINI&H. 


5  Drill 


196 


CONVENTIONAL.     SECTIONS 

AND 

REPRESENTATIONS     OF    MATERIALS 


CAST 


CAST  6TEE.U 


WROUGHT  IRON 


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